Senin, 22 April 2019

toefl structure


Toefl Structure

1.     Strategies to Answer toefl structure
There are several strategies to make it easier for you to answer them precisely on the part of the structure and written expressions. This strategy includes the following :
A.    Look at the subject and verb in the main sentence. If there is no complete verb subject or phrase, you must find it in the answer choice. To help see the subject and the main verb, simplify the sentence by removing the prepositional phrase (prepositions plus articles (a, an, and, the), adjectives, or nouns.
B.     Determine what structure the sentence requires.
C.     Read the sentence to see if the sentence makes sense and looks right.

There are fifteen parts of the grammar problem in perfecting sentences, starting from the noun phrase, word order, conjuction, parallel coonstruction, clause, comparison, gerund, superlative, conditional, to pronoun.

2.     Toefl Structure Material
A.    Main Verb
All sentences in English must have main verb (main verb) and subject.
Example:
A: An advance country with an indicator of high rate of productivity (FALSE)
B: An Advanced country has a high rate of high rate of productivity (TRUE) indicator
Answer A: Wrong, because it does not have Main Verb, the sentence is only one phrase which means: One Advanced Country With One Indicator of a High Level of Productivity
Answer B: Correct, the Main Verb is Has (Has), meaning sentence: One Advanced Country Has One Indicator of a High Productivity Level
B.     Infinitive
Infinitive is a verb (Verb) which when followed by another verb requires the form of an infinitive as a complement, the verbs include:
·         Want
·         Beg
·         Mean
·         Propose
·         Allow
·         Urge
·         Intend
·         Require
·         Advice
·         Need
·         Decide
·         Tell / teach
·         Hope
·         Invite
·         Ask
·         Expect
·         Support
Structure of Verb above:   Verb + To + V 1
Examples of Sentences: I Want To Say That I Love You

C.     Gerund (-ing Form)
Verbs (verb) which are followed by other verbs, the verb that follows must be V-shaped. The verbs include:
Finish Fancy forgive Mind Appreciate Denay Delay Detest Resist Risk Concider Continue Keep Enjoy Excuse Postpone Practice Pardon Prevent Undertand. Aviod Anticipate Avoid Neglect
Structure of Verb in: Verb + Verb-ing
Example of sentences : The students have finised doing the exercises

D.    Conditional
conditional sentences, used to express something that might occur or might not occur as expected. Anchovy of 3 types with structural forms:
·         Conditional Sentence Type 1 formula : If + Subject + V.1, S + Will + V.1
Examples of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 1 :
If I prepare well for the test I will pass it.
·         Conditional Sentence Type 2 formula : If + Subject + V.2 / Were + S + M2 + V.1
M2 (Form 2 capital): Would, could
Examples of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 2 :
If I prepared well for the test, I should pass.
·         Conditional Sentence Type 3 formula: If + Subject + Had + V3 + S + M.2 + Have + V.3
Examples of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 3:
 If I have been well prepared for the test, I should have passed.

E.     Past Custom
Past Custom is a habit that happened in the past and now it doesn't happen again. Usually using "Used To"
The structure is as follows:
S + Used to + V
Or
S + Used to + V-ing
Example of sentences :
He used to study at USA before he worked here

3.     Example of Toefl Structure
Structure and Written Expression in the TOEFL aims to test your ability to identify written English that is used in formal situations (formal written English). Many English expressions can be accepted in oral communication, but are not acceptable or not commonly used in written communication, let alone formal ones.
Problem Structure and Written Expression consists of two parts, sentence structure (structure) and written expression. Structure and Written Expression consists of 40 questions, consisting of 15 structure questions (numbers 1 to 15) and 25 questions for written expressions (numbers 16 to 40). The time to work on these 40 questions is 25 minutes.
In the Structure section you are required to find the correct answer to complete the blank sentence. Whereas in the Written Expression section, you are required to find the wrong answer from the underlined sentence. The following are examples of the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression test questions.

A. Part 1
1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.
    (A) Meet
    (B) Being met are
    (C) To meet
    (D) They are meeting
Answer: (C) To meet
Keyword: the demands of aerospace
Discussion: The pattern of infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of infinitive. The sentence states the purpose or purpose. Then it is needed for the infinitive phrase. So the choice of the right phrase to fill the pass is to meet.

2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
    (A) Was written b
    (B) His writing was
    (C) He wrote the
    (D) Written by
Answer: (D) Written by
Keyword: James A. Bland
Discussion: The sentence above requires Adjective Phrase to describe the noun "Carry Me Back to Old Virgin". The most appropriate effective phrase is Written by. Why is it called the effective phrase, past participle (v3) which not accompanied by the form of be or have is an objectivity.

3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
    (A) a soprano was popular
    (B) in a popular soprano
    (C) was a popular soprano
    (D) a popular soprano in
Answer: (D) a popular soprano in
Keyword: Mary Garden
Discussion: The sentence in the question requires Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden and appositive phrase (a popular soprano) has the same meaning. Then the right answer is a popular soprano in.

4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
    (A) who she believed
    (B) who believed
    (C) believed
    (D) who did she believe
Answer: (B) Who is believed
Keyword: a dualist
Discussion: Adjective clause pattern: (Conj. + S + V). To explain a noun a dualist then the right clause is who believed.

5.______ was backed up for miles on the freeway
    (A) Yesterday
    (B) In the morning
    (C) Traffic
    (D) Cars
Answer: (C) Traffic.
Discussion: Because the above sentence already has a verb (was backed) and no conjunctions, so based on the rules we only need a subject. Answers (a) and (b) are adverbs, while answers (d) do not match the sentence.

6. The packages ______ mailed at the post office will arrive Monday
    (A) Have
    (B) Thank you
    (C) Them
    (D) Just
Answer: (D) Just
Discussion : Because if we trace the sentence in the question there is a verb (will arrive) and there is no conjungtion. So, we only need a complement. Answers (a) and (b) are verbs, while answers (c) are subject. If the answer (c) is entered in the sentence there will be a double subject and they have no function in the sentence.

7. __________, George, is attending the lecture
    (A) Right now
    (B) Happily
    (C) Because of the time
    (D) My friend
Answer: (D) My friend.
Discussion: Because the sentence has 1 verb (is attending) and no conjunctions, while George is Appositife. So, the sentence requires a subject, namely My friends. For answers (a) is a statement, (b) is Adverb, (c) is a preposition.

8. Engineers________ for work on the new space program.
     (A) necessary
     (B) are needed
     (C) hopefully
     (D) next month
Answer: (B) are needed
Discussion : In this example, the sentence above, Engineers as a subject, but no verb is found. Therefore, answer (B) is the most appropriate answer. Because "are needed" is a verb. Whereas, answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so that is not the correct answer.

9. ________Jane has an excellent resume, she hasn’t found a job yet.
    (A) However
    (B) Yet
    (C) That
    (D) Although
Answer: (D) Although
Keyword: has; hasn’t.
Discussion:
• However: if in front of a sentence, the sentence consists of only one clause.
• Yet: usage is the same as however.
• That: functions to explain an object or clause in front of it.
• Although: functions to combine two opposite clauses.

10. Many Middle Eastern diplomats still feel that the United States is intent ______ the ultimate police in the region.
    (A) to being
    (B) Being
    (C) Be
    (D) On Being
Answer: (D) On Being
Keyword: intent.
Discussion: Of the four answers, the words / phrases that are most likely to follow the intent are "on being". The choice (A) (to being) is wrong because after going to definitely Verb infinitive. Choice (B) (being) is wrong because besides functioning as a clause modifier or participle, being cannot stand alone. Option (C) (be) is wrong because in front of "be" there is no preposition "to".

B. Part 2
1. The dwarf lemon tree, grown (A) in many areas of the world, bears fruit (B) when it is less than (C) six inches in high (D)
Answer: (D) high (correct = height)
Keyword: six inches in high.
Discussion: After the prepositions (in, on, at, by, of, from, etc) must be followed by noun, so the word "high" (adjective) should be replaced by the word "height".

2. Polluter (B) today that even elementary school children are well informed (C) about its (D) dangers.
Answer: (A) Polluter
Keyword: Polluter
Discussion: The word that should be used is pollutant (cause of pollution).

3. Best (A) by da Vinci's represented oil painting (B), The Last Supper (C) is important part of the history (D) of Christianity.
Answer: (C) it
Keyword: The Last Supper it is.
Discussion: In one clause there should only be one subject and one predicate, because in the sentence above there are multiple subjects, the word "it" must be omitted.

4. Together with (A) his friend Little John, Robin Hood are (B) fondly (C) remembered (D) today by millions of people.
Answer: (B) are
Keyword: Together with.
Discussion: Noun after together with does not affect predicate changes.
In the sentence the subject is Robin Hood, so the predicate should be (single, past).

5. In Vermont, the (A) sap the maple tree is (B) the primary (C) ingredient in (D) producing maple syrup.
Answer: (A) the
Keyword: The sap the maple tree.
Discussion: The sentence has a double subject so it must be added before the maple tree. This is because the sap is part of the maple tree.

6. After to have (A) won (B) the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for A Bell for Adano, John Hersey wrote (C) a nonfiction book about (D) the bombing of Japan.
Answer: (A) to have
Keyword: after.
Discussion: The word "after" as a preposition (preposition) + Gerund (Ving), The word "after" as a conjunction (link) + clause (subject + predicate).
The sentence should be "after having won ..."

7. The smallest hummingbirds beat (A) their wings 70 times (B) a second (C) and are about two inches (D) long.
Answer: (D) inches
Keyword: two Inches long.
Discussion: The phrase that should be used two-inch long, "two-inch" in this sentence is adjective.

8. Quality, price, and located (A) are (B) often considered to be (C) the primary concerns in buying (D) a house.
Answer: (A) located
Keyword: quality, price, and located.
Discussion: Use of concord (equality)
The word "located" should be changed to "location" so that it is equal to quality and price which includes nouns (noun).

9. The name (A) "America" ​​comes from (B) Amerigo Vespucci, who (C) was a 16th-century Italian explorer (D).
Answer: (B) comes from
Keyword: a 16th-century Italian explorer.
Discussion: Because the name "America" ​​was taken from 16th century Italian explorers, it should have used past tense (V2) to be used was "came from".

10. Marie Curie won (A) two Nobel Prizes for their (B) discoveries of radioactivity (C) and radioactive (D) elements.
Answer: (B) their
Keyword: Marie Curie.
Discussion: Because it refers to Marie Curie (single, female), the pronoun that should be used is her.













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