Toefl Structure
1.
Strategies to
Answer toefl structure
There
are several strategies to make it easier for you to answer them precisely on
the part of the structure and written expressions. This strategy includes the
following :
A.
Look
at the subject and verb in the main sentence. If there is no complete verb
subject or phrase, you must find it in the answer choice. To help see the
subject and the main verb, simplify the sentence by removing the prepositional
phrase (prepositions plus articles (a, an, and, the), adjectives, or nouns.
B.
Determine
what structure the sentence requires.
C.
Read
the sentence to see if the sentence makes sense and looks right.
There
are fifteen parts of the grammar problem in perfecting sentences, starting from
the noun phrase, word order, conjuction, parallel coonstruction, clause,
comparison, gerund, superlative, conditional, to pronoun.
2.
Toefl Structure Material
A. Main Verb
All sentences in English must have main
verb (main verb) and subject.
Example:
A: An
advance country with an indicator of high rate of productivity (FALSE)
B: An
Advanced country has a high rate of high rate of productivity (TRUE)
indicator
Answer
A: Wrong, because it does not have Main Verb, the sentence is only one phrase
which means: One Advanced Country With One Indicator of a High Level of
Productivity
Answer
B: Correct, the Main Verb is Has (Has), meaning sentence: One Advanced Country
Has One Indicator of a High Productivity Level
B.
Infinitive
Infinitive
is a verb (Verb) which when followed by another verb requires the form of an
infinitive as a complement, the verbs include:
·
Want
·
Beg
·
Mean
·
Propose
·
Allow
·
Urge
·
Intend
·
Require
·
Advice
·
Need
·
Decide
·
Tell / teach
·
Hope
·
Invite
·
Ask
·
Expect
·
Support
Structure
of Verb above: Verb + To + V 1
Examples
of Sentences: I Want To Say That I Love You
C.
Gerund (-ing Form)
Verbs
(verb) which are followed by other verbs, the verb that follows must be
V-shaped. The verbs include:
Finish
Fancy forgive Mind Appreciate Denay Delay Detest Resist Risk Concider Continue
Keep Enjoy Excuse Postpone Practice Pardon Prevent Undertand. Aviod Anticipate
Avoid Neglect
Structure
of Verb in: Verb + Verb-ing
Example
of sentences : The students have finised doing the exercises
D.
Conditional
conditional
sentences, used to express something that might occur or might not occur as
expected. Anchovy of 3 types with structural forms:
·
Conditional Sentence Type 1 formula : If + Subject + V.1, S + Will + V.1
Examples
of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 1 :
If I
prepare well for the test I will pass it.
·
Conditional Sentence Type 2 formula : If + Subject + V.2 / Were + S + M2 + V.1
M2
(Form 2 capital): Would, could
Examples
of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 2 :
If I
prepared well for the test, I should pass.
·
Conditional Sentence Type 3 formula: If + Subject + Had + V3 + S + M.2 + Have + V.3
Examples
of Sentences of Conditional Sentence Type 3:
If
I have been well prepared for the test, I should have passed.
E.
Past Custom
Past
Custom is a habit that happened in the past and now it doesn't happen again.
Usually using "Used To"
The
structure is as follows:
S +
Used to + V
Or
S +
Used to + V-ing
Example
of sentences :
He used
to study at USA before he worked here
3.
Example of Toefl
Structure
Structure and Written
Expression in the TOEFL aims to test your ability to identify written English that
is used in formal situations (formal written English). Many English expressions
can be accepted in oral communication, but are not acceptable or not commonly
used in written communication, let alone formal ones.
Problem Structure and Written
Expression consists of two parts, sentence structure (structure) and written
expression. Structure and Written Expression consists of 40 questions,
consisting of 15 structure questions (numbers 1 to 15) and 25 questions for
written expressions (numbers 16 to 40). The time to work on these 40 questions
is 25 minutes.
In the Structure section you
are required to find the correct answer to complete the blank sentence. Whereas
in the Written Expression section, you are required to find the wrong answer
from the underlined sentence. The following are examples of the TOEFL Structure
and Written Expression test questions.
A. Part 1
1. _____ the
demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating
exotic new metallic substances.
(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting
(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting
Answer: (C) To meet
Keyword: the
demands of aerospace
Discussion:
The pattern of infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of infinitive. The sentence
states the purpose or purpose. Then it is needed for the infinitive phrase. So the
choice of the right phrase to fill the pass is to meet.
2. _______
James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song
of Virginia in 1940.
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
Answer: (D)
Written by
Keyword:
James A. Bland
Discussion:
The sentence above requires Adjective Phrase to describe the noun "Carry
Me Back to Old Virgin". The most
appropriate effective phrase is Written by. Why is it called the effective
phrase, past participle (v3) which not accompanied by the form of be or
have is an objectivity.
3. Mary
Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing
actresses of her time.
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(D) a popular soprano in
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(D) a popular soprano in
Answer: (D)
a popular soprano in
Keyword:
Mary Garden
Discussion:
The sentence in the question requires Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden and
appositive phrase (a popular soprano) has the same
meaning. Then the right answer is a popular soprano in.
4. In the
realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that
motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe
Answer: (B) Who is believed
Keyword: a dualist
Discussion: Adjective clause pattern: (Conj. + S + V).
To explain a noun a dualist then the right clause is who believed.
5.______ was backed up for miles on the freeway
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars
Answer: (C) Traffic.
Discussion: Because the above sentence already has a
verb (was backed) and no conjunctions, so based on the rules we only need a
subject. Answers (a) and (b) are adverbs, while answers (d) do not match the
sentence.
6. The packages ______ mailed at the post office will
arrive Monday
(A) Have
(B) Thank you
(C) Them
(D) Just
Answer: (D) Just
Discussion : Because if we trace the sentence in the
question there is a verb (will arrive) and there is no conjungtion. So, we only
need a complement. Answers (a) and (b) are verbs, while answers (c) are
subject. If the answer (c) is entered in the sentence there will be a double
subject and they have no function in the sentence.
7. __________, George, is attending the lecture
(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend
Answer: (D) My friend.
Discussion: Because the sentence has 1 verb (is
attending) and no conjunctions, while George is Appositife. So, the sentence
requires a subject, namely My friends. For answers (a) is a statement, (b) is
Adverb, (c) is a preposition.
8. Engineers________ for work on the new
space program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month
Answer: (B) are needed
Discussion : In this example, the
sentence above, Engineers as a subject, but no verb is found. Therefore, answer
(B) is the most appropriate answer. Because "are needed" is a verb.
Whereas, answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so that is not the correct
answer.
9. ________Jane has an excellent resume, she hasn’t
found a job yet.
(A) However
(B) Yet
(C) That
(D) Although
Answer: (D) Although
Keyword: has; hasn’t.
Discussion:
• However: if in front of a sentence, the sentence
consists of only one clause.
• Yet: usage is the same as however.
• That: functions to explain an object or clause in
front of it.
• Although: functions to combine two opposite clauses.
10. Many Middle Eastern diplomats still feel that the
United States is intent ______ the ultimate police in the region.
(A) to being
(B) Being
(C) Be
(D) On Being
Answer: (D) On Being
Keyword: intent.
Discussion: Of the four answers, the words / phrases
that are most likely to follow the intent are "on being". The choice
(A) (to being) is wrong because after going to definitely Verb infinitive.
Choice (B) (being) is wrong because besides functioning as a clause modifier or
participle, being cannot stand alone. Option (C) (be) is wrong because in front
of "be" there is no preposition "to".
B. Part 2
1. The dwarf lemon tree, grown (A) in many areas of
the world, bears fruit (B) when it is less than (C) six inches in high (D)
Answer: (D) high (correct = height)
Keyword: six inches in high.
Discussion: After the prepositions (in, on, at, by,
of, from, etc) must be followed by noun, so the word "high"
(adjective) should be replaced by the word "height".
2. Polluter (B) today that even elementary school
children are well informed (C) about its (D) dangers.
Answer: (A) Polluter
Keyword: Polluter
Discussion: The word that should be used is pollutant
(cause of pollution).
3. Best (A) by da Vinci's represented oil painting
(B), The Last Supper (C) is important part of the history (D) of Christianity.
Answer: (C) it
Keyword: The Last Supper it is.
Discussion: In one clause there should only be one
subject and one predicate, because in the sentence above there are multiple
subjects, the word "it" must be omitted.
4. Together with (A) his friend Little John, Robin
Hood are (B) fondly (C) remembered (D) today by millions of people.
Answer: (B) are
Keyword: Together with.
Discussion: Noun after together with does not affect
predicate changes.
In the sentence the subject is Robin Hood, so the
predicate should be (single, past).
5. In Vermont, the (A) sap the maple tree is (B) the
primary (C) ingredient in (D) producing maple syrup.
Answer: (A) the
Keyword: The sap the maple tree.
Discussion: The sentence has a double subject so it
must be added before the maple tree. This is because the sap is part of the
maple tree.
6. After to have (A) won (B) the 1945 Pulitzer Prize
for A Bell for Adano, John Hersey wrote (C) a nonfiction book about (D) the
bombing of Japan.
Answer: (A) to have
Keyword: after.
Discussion: The word "after" as a
preposition (preposition) + Gerund (Ving), The word "after" as a
conjunction (link) + clause (subject + predicate).
The sentence should be "after having won
..."
7. The smallest hummingbirds beat (A) their wings 70
times (B) a second (C) and are about two inches (D) long.
Answer: (D) inches
Keyword: two Inches long.
Discussion: The phrase that should be used two-inch
long, "two-inch" in this sentence is adjective.
8. Quality, price, and located (A) are (B) often
considered to be (C) the primary concerns in buying (D) a house.
Answer: (A) located
Keyword: quality, price, and located.
Discussion: Use of concord (equality)
The word "located" should be changed to
"location" so that it is equal to quality and price which includes
nouns (noun).
9. The name (A) "America" comes from (B)
Amerigo Vespucci, who (C) was a 16th-century Italian explorer (D).
Answer: (B) comes from
Keyword: a 16th-century Italian explorer.
Discussion: Because the name "America" was
taken from 16th century Italian explorers, it should have used past tense (V2)
to be used was "came from".
10. Marie Curie won (A) two Nobel Prizes for their (B)
discoveries of radioactivity (C) and radioactive (D) elements.
Answer: (B) their
Keyword: Marie Curie.
Discussion: Because it refers to Marie Curie (single,
female), the pronoun that should be used is her.
References:
